- The authors believe that the assignment of tartaric acid as the culprit also explains the relative lack of incidents from dogs consuming commercial grape juice, jam, and wine, as these go through a process to remove tartrates. Precisely how tartrate can damage the dog kidney to cause proximal tubular necrosis is unclear. Maleic acid causes a similar finding and is believed to selectively inhibit NaK-ATPase activity and/or deplete ATP in the proximal tubules. A 2023 study have observed tartaric acid toxicity in kidney cells of dogs, but not in human kidney cells.
Cyprodinil in combination with fludioxonil was confirmed as the most effective fungicide in all trials conducted in France, Spain, Italy and Greece [131,132,133,134]. Other active ingredients showed the capacity to reduce fungal growth in grape bunches in field trials such as pyrimethanil, fluazinam, iprodione and mepanipyrim [106]. Biocontrol Agents (BCAs) are increasingly attracting interest as a sustainable means of disease control.
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Further studies would be of interest to help elucidate the mechanisms capable of mitigating the adverse effects of ROS. Additionally, our results indicate that the grape diet impacts the renal extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM, comprising collagens, elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans, undergoes significant remodeling during fibrosis and plays a significant role in inflammation [48]. Additionally, mutations in proteoglycan genes have been linked to many genetic diseases [49,50]. Glycoproteins (characterized by a group of proteins with covalently attached oligosaccharide chains) and proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans covalently bound to a protein core) modulate signaling pathways.
Pan, X., Dai, Y., Li, X., Niu, N., Li, W., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., and Yu, Z. Inhibition of arsenic-induced rat liver injury by grape seed exact through suppression of NADPH oxidase and TGF-beta/Smad activation. Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 8-1-2011;254(3):323-331. Li, Q. Z., Cho, H. S., Jeun, S. H., Kim, K. J., Choi, S. J., and Sung, K. W. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin on 5-hydroxytryptamine(3) receptors in NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells.
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